Top Glove Corporation Berhad Expansion

Top Glove Corporation Berhad Expansion 1. Presentation Top Glove Corporation Berhad established by the couple group of Tan Sri Dr. Lim Wee-Chai, as an organization administrator and Puan Sri Tong Siew Bee, official executive. Build up in Malaysia in 1991, Top Glove worked with just a single processing plant with three recycled creation lines. These days, it is known as the world biggest elastic glove producer. Top Glove set out a noteworthy extension plan with the accompanying position: World Largest Rubber Glove Manufacturer Existing (As at December 2010) 1. Number of Factories 20 2. Number of Production Lines 379 3. Absolute bits of Gloves Produced (every year) 33.75 billion 4. Number of Employees 10,900 5. Nations of Export 180 6. Number of Customers 900 Top Glove was recorded on Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpurs second board in 2001 and has been effectively elevated to the Main Market of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange on May 16, 2002. Top Glove has more than 15 years of involvement with creation of latex assessment gloves (HWANGDBS Vickers Research, 2008). It has likewise broadened abroad and set up four industrial facilities in Thailand and two in China, notwithstanding the 12 offices it has in Malaysia (CIMB Research Report, 2007). 1.2 Companys Core Business Top Gloves nature exercises are assembling and exchanging elastic gloves, manufactured gloves and careful gloves which are generally utilized in clinical, mechanical and food administrations ventures. With an approximated 80% of their item is as regular elastic gloves and the staying 20% are engineered gloves (CIMB Research Report, 2007). Top Glove goes about as a one-stop glove focus by offering a full scope of administrations, from assembling glove items to bundling, marking, deals just as dissemination of completed glove items through its three essential deals workplaces in Klang, Malaysia; Azusa, California and Duisburg, Germany (HWANGDBS Vickers Research, 2008). About 95% of the organization deals are for the fare advertise. 1.3 Financial Performance As indicated by yearly report 2009, Top Glove has effectively accomplished the organization development by demonstrating the expansion in net benefit for the monetary year. The striking development of 54% of net benefit in the year 2009 as contrast with the year 2008 indicating that Top Glove completely uses the upside of its posting as open organization to produce development that is valuable to the investors. 2. Deals ANALYSIS 2.1 Sales Growth Rates All out deals or all out income is the main line on any organization pay explanation. This figure is the measure of cash that organization gets during the particular time of period. Absolute income is essential to transform in cash into a benefit. In the previous 5 years (2005 2009), Top Glove has been gainful. The business development for its items indicating the expansion in income for the each budgetary year. Top Gloves Revenue for as long as 5 years Year All out Revenue (RMmil) 2004 418.1 2005 641.8 2006 992.6 2007 1228.8 2008 1377.9 2009 1529.1 Source: Top Glove Annual Report 2010 The business development rates (%) from year to year will be ascertain as beneath; current deals past deals ________________________ x 100 Past deals Year Deals Growth Rates (%) From year to year Deals Growth Rates (%) From year 2005 2004 2005 53.50 2006 54.66 54.66 2007 23.80 91.46 2008 12.13 114.69 2009 10.97 138.25 Exponential capacities can be applied in development forms. The most generally acknowledged technique in scholastics to compute all out development can be spoken to by the capacities; y = a(1 + r)X which; a = beginning sum before estimating development r = development rate (frequently a percent) x = number of time stretches that have passed The exponential capacity in processing development rates for Top Gloves are introduced as beneath: 1. Year: 2005 Development rates (%): 53.50 (0.5350) Income sum before estimating development (RM000): 418.1 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 418.1(1+0.5350)1 y = 641.8 2. Year: 2006 Development rates (%): 54.66 (0.5466) Income sum before estimating development (RM000): 641.8 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 641.8(1+0.5466)1 y = 992.6 3. Year: 2007 Development rates (%): 23.80 (0.2380) Income sum before estimating development (RM000): 992.6 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 992.6(1+0.2380)1 y = 1228.8 4. Year: 2008 Development rates (%): 12.13 (0.1213) Income sum before estimating development (RM000): 1228.8 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 1228.8(1+0.1213)1 y = 1377.9 5. Year: 2009 Development rates (%): 10.97 (0.1097) Income sum before estimating development (RM000): 1377.9 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 1377.9(1+0.1097)1 y = 1529.1 2.2 Growth Rates Analysis 53.5% development in 2005, Top Glove and the glove business confronting an energizing and testing year when unforeseen climb in the costs of raw petroleum and crude material. Top Gloves has figured out how to kept up organization execution by proceed with its forceful limit development to catch a greater portion of the world glove advertise. 54.66% in 2006, the sting of expanding oil and fuel costs keeps on vibrating all through the glove and human services industry. These two ventures feel the most weight in concluding how to respond in this circumstance. This is on the grounds that creation cost would be driven up by the expanded oil and fuel costs which will impacts on the ability to convey the items. Top Gloves despite everything keeps on remaining in advancing by command over its activity expenses and figured out how to deal with the expansion in the expense of oil and fuel costs. Every producer can deadlock these expenses by their own specific manner, anyway cost increments are inescapable (Jeannie and Dana, 2006). Continuously 2007, Top Glove accomplished a noteworthy income development of 23.8% to RM1,228.8 million. The development was primarily because of the proceeded with expanded in client base all inclusive and a higher volume of deals credited to the expanded limit so the organization prevails to look on the expansion in working expenses. In year 2008, the development eases back to 12.13% brought about by worldwide economy. It was extreme for the glove maker to proceed with the business because of the tight edge and just glove makers with sizable economies of scale can endure (Malaysian Rubber Board, 2008). Top Glove certainly can't be gotten away from this marvel. Notwithstanding, Top Glove had encountered to confront the current world budgetary emergency and proceeds companys capacity to develop throughout the years. Year 2009 shows that the more slow development rate goes to 10.97% accomplished by Top Glove. The organization began the year with mindful about a solid worldwide interest of gloves particularly in medicinal services industry invigorated by the worldwide monetary recuperation. Moreover, the H1N1 pandemic caused the interest of gloves contributed in strange come back to all elastic glove producers including Top Glove. Top Glove had adjusted well in current monetary condition by which its gaining was supported by higher deals and greater expenses effectiveness (OSK, 2010). 3. Deals TREND Deals pattern investigation is an audit of deals during a predetermined timeframe. It is could be increment, diminish or stay unaltered. The motivation behind deals pattern investigation is to checking execution and to foresee future execution. Top Gloves deals pattern expanded step by step. It is demonstrated that the organization exceptionally centered around their inclination business and will battle to keep up companys crucial a world class glove maker by giving best quality item just as to toughen their situation as the universes biggest elastic glove producer. Top Gloves deals pattern outlined with a chart underneath; In light of the chart above, it is demonstrated that Top Glove deals pattern becoming throughout the years. The development may be upheld by the high requested from their client. The flood of interest for elastic gloves utilized for clinical and security reason constrained glove industry to raise the selling cost. Additionally, Top Glove likewise raised its items offering cost to even out the higher creation costs. Be that as it may, the interest for elastic gloves remained and was in quickly developing despite the fact that the selling cost was high. For the 5 years, Top Glove proceeded accomplished a striking benefit. The worldwide marvels, for example, H1N1 and SARS pandemic, climb in the cost of oil and crude material, climate, war or world money related emergency which bring about lift in the interest of elastic glove. Furthermore, increment in wellbeing mindfulness overall additionally expands the interest of elastic glove. Top Glove prevail to adjust all the troublesome circumstance step by step by their great arranging of assembling forms and giving a high caliber of item. 4. End As an end, Top Glove Corporation Berhad proceeded accomplished a momentous benefit by expanding their income and deals development rate from year to year. The companys show solid deals execution was embraced to appeal for gloves particularly structure human services industry and developing business sector which interest for gloves is relied upon to developing for a twofold digit consistently. Despite the fact that there are more difficulties to survive, Top Glove positive to expand their amazing income and deals development rates for consistently and accept to keep up its administration in the worldwide market by keep giving a top nature of item.

Music in my life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music in my life - Assignment Example It is fundamental that an individual enjoys a reprieve off work or studies, and tuning in to music or seeking after music data from various craftsmen and artists establishes my relaxation time. My opportunity to loosen up is funfilled comparative with my commitment in music. My motivation in life has a lot to do with music. Music is done in different and dynamic manners, which are all interesting to explicit classifications and performers. The data contained in music or messages that music goes through serves various individuals in an unexpected way. By and by, music fills in as a wellspring of inspiration.On a similar note, life support and headings can likewise be gotten from music (Turner 203). Music additionally fills in as my own guide, with screening for energy and cynicism being represented. The assorted variety of the world is obviously apparent in the manner music is finished. In my life, music fills in as my instructor in this line. Through music, I have come to learn and c omprehend worldwide assorted variety across fringes. Well beyond amusement, music fills in as an eye opener in each part of my life. This is all the more so with respect to the music classes I listen to.I have grasped music decent variety in a worldwide setting, implying that I am not fixed to a particular music type. In any case, there are essential music classes that rule my inclination in music. RnB rates the tops the rundown despite the fact that I have respect to privately created and delivered music, and furthermore music that represents the individual, social, social, financial, and political contrasts the world over.

Keep Holy the Month of IAP For It Is a Time of Rest

Keep Holy the Month of IAP For It Is a Time of Rest (title taken from The Cathedral of Our Lady of the All-Night Tool) I keep a list in my head of what topics I want to blog about. But I think of it as a stack, as opposed to a queue so I cover things that happened more recently first. So obviously, I need to cover what I did over IAP, and then maybe I can make it as far back as last semester. Fortunately for me (and those of you who want to hear about 6.111 and my other adventures in EE), I didnt do much this IAP, so I should be able to just knock this out and move on. Last IAP I spent almost all of the month working on 6.270. It was fun the robots are really cool. But it was also stresful. I didnt get much sleep during the last week of IAP (or during the rest of IAP, for that matter). So I decided that this year I was going to be on campus, but not have any formalized activities taking up all of IAP. I was going to rest and recuperate so that I could go into the spring term well rested and just generally enjoy myself. I think I more or less accomplished that, with a few exceptions. So, what I did for IAP is a fairly short list. One of the bigger things I did was teaching an introductory class in Python for SIPB. SIPB (the Student Information Processing Board) is a student group that focuses on improving computing, both in general and specifically at MIT. Theyre responsible for things like debathena, which is forming the basis for the new release of the Athena system, and scripts.mit.edu, a web hosting service for the MIT community. Additionally, they run a series of IAP classes, covering everything from how to hack Facebook Javascript to the Caffeinated Crash Courses, which attempt to cover everything you really need to know about a topic (usually a programming language) in 3 hours. They also have a series of decaffeinated introductory courses in a whole host of languages. I taught the one in Python. It was 4 classes that were 3 hours each, and covered both the basics of the Python language and some applications such as web development. It was a good experience, and I had 40-50 students. That being said, I learned some very valuable lessons: Teaching is hard Teaching for 3 hours straight is really hard Its hard to prepare enough material to teach for 3 hours straight If you do have enough material, it probably took you at least 6 hours to get it together I certainly have a lot more respect for the work that good teachers must put into their preparations, because I know that Im certainly not a great teacher, and the preparation took me a really long time. On the other hand, it was a really good experience, and I really hope that I get a chance to teach this again next year. Other than that, I basically spent all of IAP doing unimportant things cleaning my room (although not too much), setting up a better backup solution (although its still not there yet), and lots and lots of sleeping. Anyway, thats all for now, but Monday is the Ring Premiere, when all of the sophomores get to see what our Brass Rat looks like for the first time. Lots of people think that Ring Premiere isnt that interesting, but Im personally excited.

Essay on Medical Law and Bioethics Unit 4 Project - 675 Words

The purpose of an advance directive is to have a written statement stating the type and amount of care a person wishes to receive during a terminal illness. (Medical Law and Ethics, 2008, pp. 102) An advance directive is a very important part of life once you have been diagnosed with a terminal illness, or even if you are getting older and doubt the degree to which you will be taken care of. Three types of advance directives are living wills, a durable power of attorney, and a do not resuscitate (DNR). A Living will is a document that you draft before becoming too incompetent to make your own medical decisions. A Durable power of attorney is a legal document that empowers another person to make healthcare decisions regarding your†¦show more content†¦I would have to also be the one to transfer his charts to the oncologist that he is being referred to. Once the oncologist has the charts, he can speak to them and make it known that he does not want the treatment. If the surgery was performed without consent from the patient, he could in turn sue the physician for assault. The physician, knowing that the patient did not want any kind of treatment, procedure, etc., to â€Å"cure† him of this cancer could be sued for assault for doing so anyway. The patient wrote out a living will once he found out about his illness, and requested it to be put into his file, so there is no way that the physician could say that he didn’t know. If the surgery were performed, it would be an intentional tort. The physician would have intentionally gone against the word of the patient and did what he wanted to do. This could be a civil lawsuit. Again, the physician did not follow what the patient had put into writing. He also told someone of his wishes regarding the treatment. Therefore, this would be a civil suit because the physician broke the law by not abiding by the patients’ wishes. I reside in the state of Michigan. 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I summarize theRead Moreethical decision making16006 Words   |  65 PagesDeveloping Community Values QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER After reading this chapter, you will know the answers to the following questions: 1. What is bioethics, and how is it important to the community nurse? 2. What is the ethics of virtue, and what part do virtues play in the practice of nursing? 3. What is meant by principle-based ethics? 4. How does Kant’s deontological approach differ from Mill’s utilitarian approach? 5. What role does each of the four major ethical concepts— beneï ¬ cenceRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesRoadmap for Hospitals Quality Safety Equity A Roadmap for Hospitals Project Staff Amy Wilson-Stronks, M.P.P., Project Director, Health Disparities, Division of Quality Measurement and Research, The Joint Commission. 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INTRODUCTION Globalization and digital convergence in the emerging knowledge society has raised complex ethical, legal andRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesand for other purposes. 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. 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Charlemagne Essay examples - 1611 Words

What makes ‘a king into ‘the king and then onto Emperor and Augustus? What made King Charles, Charles the Great? In Einhards Life of Charlemagne, a very succinct description of King Charles ideals, beliefs, attitudes and traits are depicted along with his lifes territorial as well as mental conquests illustrated. Charlemagne was a man with a vision of a utopian society united under Christianity in its glorious form in an almost Camelot like kingdom. Einhards literary work gives society an insight into King Charles and what made him capable of being Augustus. As indicated by Einhard, Charlemagne was a man of all talents but few beliefs and traits truly molded him. Charlemagne ruled over an empire and Christianity ruled over and†¦show more content†¦In addition, Charlemagne was a man devoted to his beliefs who was essentially kind, friendly, very patriotic and, also, trying to be known for his acts and create a good reputation for himself. Over the course of his life C harlemagne was able to create great ties with fellow leaders around the world and through various empires, and although he was also trying to aid Christians who needed help in foreign lands, he seemed to have this need to have good relations with everyone. According to Einhard, he had great friendships all around the world and always welcomed foreigners in his kingdom and palace for only one simple thing in return. For he felt that he would be rewarded for his troubles if they [foreigners] praised his generosity and gave him a good reputation (Einhard 2004, 212). He was a great king who wanted to go down in history. As per Einhard, that seems to be Charlemagnes only selfish trait. He apparently only wore the national dress of the Frankish with few exceptions, which can only imply his great patriotism. Although he appreciated foreign customs, he seems to be very patriotic towards the Franks. Overall, Charlemagne embodied traits that came together to form this great Emperor who was ad mired by many. In The Life of Charlemagne one notices that Frankish society must have formulated certain characteristics through the reign of King Charles. Through the kings beliefs a society forms to followShow MoreRelated Charlemagne Essay825 Words   |  4 Pages Inbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;INTRODUCTION Charlemagne was the king of the Franks and emperor of the Romans from 800-814. During his reign Charlemagne built a kingdom that included almost all of western and central Europe and he started Carolingian Renaissance. His empire had two main territories, East and west Francia that is now the major parts of two important European entities. West Francia is modern-day France, and East Francia became first the Holy Roman Empire and then the modern state ofRead More Charlemagne Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages After reading two versions of â€Å"The Life of Charlemagne†, one written by a person who lived with Charlemagne, and one who didn’t, it is evident that Charlemagne is portrayed in a negative way by the author, the Monk of St. Gall, and in a positive way by Einhard. Einhard was very close to Charlemagne. He lived at the same time and with Charlemagne himself. His version of â€Å"The Life of Charlemagne† was writing right after his death. The Monk of St. Gall wrote his version more than 70 years after Charlemagne’sRead MoreCharlemagne Essay447 Words   |  2 Pagesimportant person during this new Europe was the Frankish king Charlemagne. His rule was known throughout the world, and Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne the Emperor of the Romans. On top of this title, he still held all of his other titles. Charlemagne made tons of contributions during this time in Europe. He had educational and clerical reforms, and preached on discipline, learning, and pie ty. In the essay The Emperor Charlemagne, Einhard discussed the rise and greatness of this ruler, andRead More Charlemagne Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesCharlemagne By the Cross and the Sword : Charlemagne’s Impact on the West. â€Å"He who ordains the fate of kingdoms in the march of the centuries, the all-powerful Disposer of events, having destroyed one extraordinary image, that of the Romans, which had, it was true, feet of iron, or even feet of clay, then raised up, among the Franks, the golden head of a second image, equally remarkable, in the person of the illustrious Charlemagne. Notker the Stammerer, the monk of St. Gall, wrote these wordsRead MoreCharlemagne Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesCharlemagne, also known as Charles the Great and Charles I, was not only a king of France, but a commanding historical figure. Charlemagne is believed to have been born sometime around the year 742. He became King of the Franks in 768 and went on to become the Emperor of the Carolingian Empire in 800, before his death in 814. Charlemagne’s father, King Pepin (the short), officially put an end to the Merovingian line of kings to become King of the Franks, and willed that Francia be divided betweenRead MoreCharlemagne And The Carolingian Renaissance1677 Words   |  7 PagesNaomi Spiegelman Professor Rui de Sousa Medieval Civilization - Section 01 27 September 2017 Charlemagne and the Carolingian Renaissance The Carolingian Empire was not at full fruition when Charlemagne rose to power, it was quite the contrary. In the eighth century, the lands covered by what is now known as France and Belgium, as well as part of Germany made up the Frankish state ruled by the kings of the Merovingian line. The Merovingian empire was weak and in a steady decline; the majority ofRead MoreCharlemagne Or Charles The Great1525 Words   |  7 PagesCharlemagne or Charles the Great, (747-814) was one of the most significant people during the Middle Ages, playing a key role in defining the shape and character of Medieval Europe. Considered the ‘Father of Europe’, Charlemagne reigned as King of the Franks (768-814) and became the first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814). He created a great empire as he dramatically expanded the Frankish Kingdom in a series of conquests that united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. HeRead MoreThe Life of Charlemagne by Einhard1388 Words à ‚  |  6 Pages Charlemagne is described by Janet Nelson as being a role model for Einhard. Einhard himself writes in the first paragraph of The Life of Charlemagne, â€Å"After I decided to write about the life, character and no small part of the accomplishments of my lord and foster father, Charles, that most excellent and deservedly famous king, I determined to do so with as much brevity as I could.† I feel that these are sincere words about the man who cared for Einhard. I feel that Einhard’s purpose for writingRead MoreCharlemagne, The King Of The Franks Essay2246 Words   |  9 PagesCharlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, was born around the 2nd of April 747 and died on the 28th of January 814. He was noted down in history as King of the Franks, a Germanic-speaking people who invaded western Rome residing in current day Germany, the King of the Lombards, Germanic people who resided in parts of the Italian peninsula, and finally was the first Holy Roman Emperor. Another name that has been bestowed upon Charlemagne was the title â€Å"Father of Europe†. Due to the CarolingianRead MoreCharlemagne and the Saxon War1611 Words   |  7 Pages Collins and Backman have approached the life of Charlemagne with different points of view; however, Barbero seems to have the strongest argument for the cause of the Saxon War. The other historians were less willing to see the Saxon war as a religious war. The life of Charlemagne was interesting to historians because it was filled with many vigorous wars that he fought including the infamous Saxon War. From the beginning of his life, Charlemagne was destined to rule a nation and lead his people

What Is the Real Deal with Adhd †Paper Free Essays

paper What is the real deal with ADHD? Temple N. Bostic PSY 360: Survey of Mental Health Destiny Champion November 4, 2012 Abstract Many children today are beginning to fall under an umbrella or diagnosis of ADHD that tends to be the ’in’ thing for doctors to say is wrong with them. If a child is a little hyper or of task for any reason, they are said to have ADHD. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the Real Deal with Adhd? – Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regardless of the underlying problems such as issues in the home, these children are placed on medication that many of them do not need, for a condition that the majority of them do not have. At first it was just ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder), but then they added the hyperactivity to it and everyone ran with it. That is not to say that there are not some children in the world that are truly suffering from this disorder, but the fact remains that those who are being medicated should be watched and monitored just a little more closely. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the knowledge that I have learned from this course as well as life lessons. When you sum it all up, everyone wants to know: What is the real deal with ADHD? What is the real deal with ADHD? The children of today’s era are afflicted with many different mental health issues that can cause problem within the family and at school. Regardless of the fact that some of these issues are a direct result from the life they are living at home or the rearing they had, it is the determination of how the problem will be addressed that is the factor of the environment. Some children are born with mental disabilities, while some have the traits that come out at a certain point in their childhood. Regardless of when mental illness rears its head or the type it is, the fact is that they receive the proper treatment and counseling for the particular problem that they have. In the late 80’s, the diagnosis of ADD came on the scene to answer to the problems that children were having regarding their attentiveness in school as well as at home. Attention Deficit Disorder is characterized by inattentiveness, easy distractibility and often insomnia. While ADHD has the same symptoms with the addition of hyperactivity, ADD is the original diagnosis. ADHD did not begin its reign until the mid 90’s when children began to show the symptoms of ADD, but with hyperactivity. Once this was taken into consideration and fully analyzed, ADHD was born and hit the diagnosis airwaves. Many people think that only children receive the diagnosis of ADHD, but in all actuality there are just as many adults that suffer from this disorder as well. Adult ADHD can be just as difficult as it is for the younger clients. As an adult, there are the issues of trying to focus on the daily tasks of work, home and even family; this can become very trying when you are easily distracted, hyperactive at the wrong times and very inattentive. Some young people even carry the disorder from their teenage years into adulthood, when for some it usually begins to taper off or go away. References Hammerness, P. , Geller, D. , Petty, C. , Lamb, A. , Bristol, E. , Biedermont, J. (2010) Does ADHD moderate the manifestation of anxiety disorders in children? Hurtig, T. , Ebeling, H. , Taanila, A. (2007) ADHD and co morbid disorders in relation to family environment and symptom severity. Rucklidge, J. J. (2008) Gender differences in ADHD: Implications for psychosocial treatment. Ohan, J. L. , Johnston, C. (2007) What is the social impact of ADHD in girls? : A multi-method assessment. Woodard, R. (2006) The diagnosis and medical treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents in primary care: A practical guide. Paloyelis, Y. , Rijsdijk, F. , Wood, A. C. , Asherson, P. , Kuntsi, J. 2010) The Genetic Association Between ADHD Symptoms and Reading Difficulties: The Role of Inattentiveness and IQ. dosReis, S. , Barksdale, C. L. , Sherman, A. , Maloney, K. , Charach, A. (2010) Stigmatizing Experiences of Parents of Children With a New Diagnosis of ADHD. Spencer, S. V. , Hawk Jr. , L. W. , Richards, J. B. , Shiels, K. , Pelham Jr. , W. E. , Waxmonsky, J. G. (2009) Stimulant Treatment Reduces Lapses in Attention among Children with ADHD: The Effects of Methylphenidate on Intra-Individual Response Time Distributions. How to cite What Is the Real Deal with Adhd? – Paper, Essay examples

PSY 364 Human Development Lecture Notes Essay Example

PSY 364 Human Development Lecture Notes Essay Development: (+) or (-) changes in life Patterns of continuities and change (includes growth and decline) 3 ways we develop: Partly like most individuals (biologically) Partly like others (small group experience) Ex: death ofa parent Partly like no others Ex: certain childhood experience BROAD DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT: Physical Cognitive (glass of water) Psychosocial (how we deal with emotions) Definitions of development: Growth: physical changes from birth to maturity (biological changes) Aging: (+) and (-) changes in the mature organism Maturation: biological unfolding of individual genetic plan Learning: relatively permanent changes due to environmental experiences. Age grades: socially defined age groups Ex: children, infants, elderly etc.. Each comes with its own privilege/responsibility Very gradual process Age norms: behavioral expectations of age groups Ex: expect children to attend school Social clock: when things SHOULD be done Ex: having children by a certain age. Off-time experiences are more difficult not expecting (parent death, teen pregnancy) Traditional approach: extensive change from birth to adolescence, little to no change in adulthood. Decline in old age. Modern life-span approach: developmental change in childhood as well as adulthood. Gerontology: study of old age and aging. Before 1600: children viewed as mini adults Modern view: innocent/need protection Average life expectancy 1900s: 47 years Average life expectancy 2000: 77. 5 years Greater in whites by about 5 years Dont really know why the mind changes: BOTH! Nature vs. nurture debate Nature: heredity maturation and genes (biology) Nurture: learning, experience, cultural influence and environment (world experiences) GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT INTERACT: Tyron (1942) Experiment on maze running in rats We will write a custom essay sample on PSY 364 Human Development Lecture Notes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on PSY 364 Human Development Lecture Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on PSY 364 Human Development Lecture Notes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Selectively bred 2 lines of rats 1. Dull on how well they could run the maze 2. Bright kept environment the same Raised offspring in a rich or less enriched environment (wasnt much opportunity to learn how mazes worked less) Genetics idea: thought those from dull genetics line would simply do worse RESULTS: dull line did Just as well in enriched environment (now performed like bright rats) ECOLOGY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: Bronfenbrenner: bioecological model (interactionist model) How nature and nurture interact to produce development 1 . Microsystem: immediate environment Ex: classes you attend etc.. 2. Mesosystem: relationships between Microsystems Ex: divorce parents might affect how you do in school. 3. Exosystem: Social systems NOT DIRECT Ex: dad had a bad day at work, and child feels this at home 4. Macrosystem: culture Chronosystem: changes occur in a time frame 3 goals of developmental psychology: 1. Description: Understanding what happens during development Individual differences 2. Explanation: Typical and individually different development 3. Optimization: How we can improve development Early Beginnings: Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of evolution Use of baby biographies Kept records of how infants act Systematically understanding difference in children Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Questionnaire methodology with children 1st to coin that adolescence is a period of storm and stress. Alfred Binet 1st IQ tests (Halls work to the next level) attempt to get a stable estimate of childs intelligence jean Piaget (1896-1980) Focused on cognitive theories of development Modern life span perspective: saltes (1987): 7 key assumptions of modern-life span perspectives Life long (always undergoing change) Gain and loss and lifelong plasticity Historical/cultural contests, multiple influence Multidisciplinary studies Scientific approach: Theory: set of concepts and propositions that describe and explain some aspect of behavior. Hypothesis: theoretical predictions that can be tested by collecting data. Random sample (vs. convenience): identify all members of the larger population and select by random means. Ex: theoretically correct way: List of all people from ages 70 in the entire world then select random people to study. Ex: convenient: Wars to do random sampling but much easier Political poles Data collection: (3 methods) 1 . Verbal-reports: interview, questionnaires, tests Strengths: Gathers large amounts of data Simple Direct answers Limitations: Interpretation of questions (age differences) Issues of honesty and accuracy Ability to read/comprehend speech Ex: cant give interview to infant or young children m e a ities to describe what they are thinking. 2. Behavioral Observations: Naturalistic: Advantage: natural setting Disadvantage: conditions are not controlled Ex: raining when studying in playgrounds Structured (Lab) Advantage: conditions controlled Disadvantage: difficult to generalize to natural settings 3. Psychophysiological methods: examine relationship between physiological responses and behavior Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): measure rain activity during cognitive tasks Ex: what does the brain do when you tell a story Heart rate: compared to baseline, decrease may indicate interest. EEG: brain wave activity, showing arousal states; stimulus detection. Cortisol: Stress hormone STRENGTHS: most responses are hard to fake (brain activity, cortisol levels) WEAKNESS: some responses are hard to interpret Ex: high interest is associated with a slower heartbeat, but so is a state of calm. Need multiple converging measures: Verbal reports and physiological measures Unique challenges in developmental research: Infants and young children: Attention, instruction, answering questions may be difficult Elderly Adults: Possible sensory impairments Discomfort being studied, tested Adult aging research problem: Want to study reading comprehension in older adults and compare it to younger adults Consider for experiment: Vision impairments Slower What would you do to equate younger and older? Give older adults more time to read the test Seeing the text: increase the font or let participants choose fonts Does your method of equating influence your interpretation? Going to seem artificial and created age effects to equate for these different things Made reading situation very strange The scientific (experimental method) 3 critical features! 1 . Manipulation of independent variable change things and see how this change effects behavior ex: 2 diff detergents, tide or other (change situation) to see the difference. Diff. study techniques, better grade? . Random assignment of individuals to treatment conditions ex: medicine helps people get better from colds quicker, placebo and medicine are assigned to Sep. Experimental control control how much tutoring and when. Rather than Just asking how do you study? Come up with a pile of random methods, this way you can control what is happening in study. Quasi-Experiment: No random assignment cant tell if there is a causal relationshi p between, only compare between the groups. Ex: cannot experimentally manipulate race, gender, handedness, morning vs. ight person. Race cannot cause difference in IQ Older adults have worse verbal memory than younger adults 7 year olds read more slowly than 12 year olds. Experience with language, and less education than 12 year olds. Assign 7 year olds to lots of tutoring in language to get them both at the same level to make no differences CAUSAL EFFECT IS EXPOSURE TO LANGUAGE The correlational Method (systematic relationship) differences = correlation Determine if 2 or more variables are related. Correlation: a measure of a relationship Can range from +1. to -1. 0 Positive: variables move in the same direction Negative: variables move in opposite direction (as one goes up the other goes down) No relationship correlation is O. Cannot establish a causal relationship. Age, cohort and time of measurement effects: Age effects: changes which occur due to age (biology) grey hair Cohor t effects: Born in one historical context Changes due to differences in society Disadvantage of cross-sectional design. Time of measurement effects: historical Take place at time of data collection Disadvantage of longitudinal design Developmental research designs (CLS) 1 . Cross-sectional designs: +1 cohorts or age-groups studied 1 time of testing Studying age differences at any one time Cohort effects! (cohort and age effects are confounded) Provides no data on individual development 2. Longitudinal designs: 1 cohort +1 time of testing study changes across time in one cohort Costly and time consuming Practice ettects and selective attrition Age effects and time or measurement are confounded. Sequential designs: A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs Advantages of both designs: Gives information about: Which age-related trends are age effects? Which age-related trends are truly cohort effects? Which age-related trends are a result of historical events? Have initial group and track them across time: 30, 40, 50 then later select a new group from a different cohort then keep going. End up with diff. ohorts to show different cohorts (time periods) cohort effect Gender beliefs will change in 2000 than in 1950s etc.. LIMITATION: hard to do Cultural and sub cultural sensitivity in research: Variety of contexts considered- cohort effects Culturally sensitive methods and measurements data needs to generalize what opulation you are interested in. SES particularly important Ethnocentrism: not designing studies only relevant to their ethnicity Research Ethics: Must protect participants from any physical or psychological harm. Prisoner/guard study Everyone got really into it, guards started to become very brutal. Came up with all sorts of punishments. Science must be ethical Informed consent: participants need to know all risks and benefits upfront. Debriefing: tell participants about the study afterward. Ex: milgrim, it was an actor screaming. Protection from harm If experiment does cause temporary discomfort or distress, safeguards must be given o monitor participants and intervene against long term effects. Ex: hubbard et al (2002) Children provoked to become angry after another child cheats at a game Parents observe through mirror Children played a second game that was rigged for them to win Debriefed Children got to know the actor All data always kept confidential Ensured by: pre-research approved by the internal review board Health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (HIPPA) WYNN (1992) outside reading dolls added and removed in case Purpose: Whether infants have arithmetical knowledge Goal is to test between 2 hypotheses: . Infants can do addition and subtraction using individuated numerical representations 2. Intants can make comparisons ot numbers using general perceptual impressions of amount or quantity (more plausible) Task: Looking time procedure Infants look longer at unexpected events Pre-Test: Showed final displays rather than both Just to see if infants like looking at one or two objects more. Predictions: If infants can do addition and subtraction, infants would look at the incorrect answer longer, surprising, should be one rather than 2 or vice versa Difference at the 2 doll s 1 doll display should be larger in the 2-1 group than the 1+1 group Results: Infants notice differences but still cant tell if this is because of mathematical skill or just noticing differences Experiment 3: Maybe infants know that an arithmetical operation results in numerical change, but cannot compute the exact result Know 1+1 equals more but not 2 Same as 1+1 condition and land 2 but Result scenes either have 2 or 3 dolls If infants do arithmetic, they will look longer at 3 doll compared to 2 doll condition. If they Just use perceptual impressions to determent the new amount is different, then looking times should be equal. RESULTS: Pretest: really no difference in looking time Test: look longer at 3 doll display Infants are doing math dont believe this May know objects but numerically might n ot know meee CONCLUSION: Infants count items in the display and perform arithmetic Infants born with innate ability to do simple addition and subtraction Introduction: Purpose of the study: Problem statement: Should identify what aspect of human cognition is being studied. Provide a general description and indicate why it is important Goal statement: Identify and explicitly state the specific goals of the study Theory/hypotheses and predictions: Most articles focus on one or more theories that are being tested Identify and describe these theories and hypotheses Identify and list any predictions that the authors make about results of the study Experiment: Describe the procedure and design of the study including the following information. The task Critical independent variables Dependent measures Results and conclusion: State the effects and pattern of data State significant effects Explain the effects Describe authors conclusions Explain implications ot the study References page: APA format Include paper you are reviewing as well as any other papers you cite.

How to Find Seasonal Jobs That Pay Well (No Elf Costume Required)

How to Find Seasonal Jobs That Pay Well (No Elf Costume Required) This year major retail companies will be looking to fill nearly 80,000 temporary holiday positions. And other holiday-related businesses will also be hiring employees to get them through the next few (busiest) months. This year’s holiday gig market looks to be one of the highest in the last five years. Here are some tips on snagging a temporary gig to help pay for holiday presents!Look Beyond RetailThere’s much more to the holiday gig market than just low-paying sales gigs in retail outlets. Any company that needs extra help will be eager for contract employees and any workers with flexible scheduling that don’t need to be on salary. The more flexible you can be with your working hours, the better your chances at getting hired.Pay special attention to areas you might not expect to find jobs in, such as social media, marketing, recruiting, decorating, production design, photography, and customer service.Search SmartWhen applying, start with companies you know youà ¢â‚¬â„¢d like to work for, then branch out to search for openings with keywords like â€Å"holiday,† â€Å"temp,† or â€Å"seasonal.†Don’t Skimp on your Application PackageMake sure to treat each application as you would for a normal full-time, permanent position. That means a complete application, cover letter, references, etc. And if you get an interview, dress professionally. You never know who you’ll meet in the course of your holiday employment who could help you in your career moves in the new year.Start Looking NOWThe holiday hiring rush begins in October (though it’s never too late to start looking around!) and peaks in November. Jobs will typically run through January, even a bit later. And there’s always a chance that seasonal job will turn into something full time, if you are able to distinguish yourself on the job.

5 Reasons Not to Homeschool Your Child

5 Reasons Not to Homeschool Your Child If you’re considering home education, it’s important to weigh the pros and cons of homeschooling seriously. While there are many positive reasons to homeschool, it isn’t the best fit for every family. Consider the following five reasons to not homeschool to help you carefully examine your personal motives and available resources before making this decision. Sometimes a lack of personal motivation is revealed when potential homeschooling parents consider their curriculum choices. They don’t want their children in public school for a variety of reasons, but they also don’t really want to take on the responsibility for their childrens education. I’m looking for something he can do on his own, they say or, â€Å"I’m just too busy to spend a lot of time on this.† 1. Husband and Wife Are Not in Agreement About Homeschooling No matter how much you want to home educate your children, it will not work for your family if you don’t have your spouse’s support. You may be the one preparing and teaching the lessons, but you will need the support of your husband  (or wife), both emotionally and financially. Also, your children will be much less likely to cooperate if they don’t sense a united front from mom and dad. If your spouse is unsure about homeschooling, consider the possibility of a trial year. Then, look for ways to get the non-teaching parent involved so that he sees the benefits firsthand. 2. You Haven’t Taken the Time to Count the Cost There are obvious financial costs of homeschooling, but many would-be homeschooling parents dont consider the personal cost. Don’t  rush into the decision to homeschool  because your friends are doing it, or because it sounds like fun. (Even though it can definitely be a lot of fun!). You must have a personal conviction and commitment that will carry you through the days when you want to pull your hair out. For the sake of your family, your reasoning must supersede your emotions. 3. You Are Not Willing to Learn Patience and Perseverance Homeschooling is a personal sacrifice of time and energy based on love. It takes careful planning and a willingness to go the distance. You will not have the luxury of allowing your feelings to dictate whether or to not to homeschool on a particular day. As time goes on, you will be stretched, challenged, and discouraged. You will doubt yourself, your choices, and your sanity. Those thoughts and emotions seem to be universal among homeschooling parents. You don’t have to have superhuman patience to begin homeschooling, but you do have to be willing to develop patience, with both yourself and your children. 4. You Are Unable or Unwilling to Live on One Income To give your children the kind of education they deserve, you will probably need to plan on being home full-time. Often the teaching parent who tries to work while homeschooling finds herself stretched in too many directions and tends to burn out. If you are planning to hold even a part-time job while teaching school, especially K-6, you may be better off choosing to not homeschool. When your children are older, they are more likely to be more independent and self-disciplined in their studies, allowing the teaching parent to consider working outside the home. Carefully consider with your spouse what changes are necessary to make your school a priority. If you must homeschool and work outside the home, there are ways to do so successfully. Talk with your partner and potential caregivers to develop a plan to make it work. 5. You Are Not Willing to Be Involved in Your Children’s Education If your current idea of home educating is choosing a curriculum that your children can do by themselves while you monitor their progress from a distance, you may want to consider not homeschooling. That scenario might work depending on how independent a learner each child is, but even if they can handle it, you will be missing out on so much. That doesnt mean never using workbooks; some children love them. Workbooks can be beneficial for independent study when you are teaching multiple children at different levels. However, homeschooling parents who plan hands-on activities to blend into their daily lessons and learn alongside their children often find their own thirst for knowledge rekindled. They are enthusiastic and passionate about influencing their children’s lives,  giving them a love of learning, and creating a learning-rich environment, which should be one of the ultimate goals of home education. These points are not intended to discourage you completely. However, it is vital that you seriously consider the impact that choosing to homeschool will have on you and your family. It’s essential to have a realistic idea of what you’ll be getting into before you start. If the timing and circumstances arent right for your family, its okay to choose to not homeschool! Updated by Kris Bales

Privatization of Solid Waste Management Case Study

Privatization of Solid Waste Management - Case Study Example Since time immemorial, the government (federal and state) took primary responsibility of dealing with the management of solid waste; however, this has since changed due to a lot of factors. One of these factors is the fact that most governments have been incurring huge amounts of costs in providing such services for the benefit of the public despite the minimal revenue generated after provision of these services. In order to cut down on expenses, most governments have resulted to privatization of such services. This in turn, facilitates the government’s ability to concentrate on providing services that are more crucial to the public such as security. The private sector can easily provide these services at low costs and even offer better and more efficient services as compared to the state.There are various ways in which privatization of solid waste management can be carried out. One of them is through the ownership of entire solid waste system by the private sector. Another wa y could be through ownership of portions of this system by the private sectors. This in turn, will enhance the government’s focus on providing more crucial services to the public (Bel & Warner, 2008).Over time, privatization’s appeal continues to increase with other sectors embracing the trend. Various reasons support the shift in thought among within different fields. This change is through the use of firms which have broad experience in solid waste management as compared to those in the public sector; as a result, such firms tend to offer better services.

Final Examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Examination - Essay Example On this basis, the performance evaluation process will help in identifying the various roles of an employee, and the desired results/ outcomes of their duties within the organization. This process helps in communicating the desired outcome of their duties, and how the organization will measure their efficiency in meeting its objectives (Fried and James, 2002). This process is also important because it establishes the progress of an employee under consideration. On this basis, the periodic performance evaluation process makes it possible for the organization to provide continuous coaching, training and education to the employee under consideration. This will help in developing the various skills of the employees; as a result, the organization will have a highly talented and skillful individual to work for it (Fried and James, 2002). There are a variety of good rating criteria for performance appraisals. One of the best methods to rate employees is the use of the BARS, which stands for behavioral anchored rating scale. This method allows a manager or s supervisor to provide a description on the employee’s behavior in relation to their teamwork, delivery of results, leadership skills and communications. This type of rating, gives managers the ability to provide their own reasons as to why they rate a particular employee in the particular manner. On this basis, this type of rating has an effect in reducing errors that managers can create while rating their employees (Fried and James, 2002). This is because this type of rating defines the dimension of a job that an employee does. This type of rating also identifies the various areas that are needed for training and development. However, the only disadvantage with this method of rating is that it is time consuming to develop. In carrying out a performance review, a manager/ supervisor will need data. To collect data, a manager needs to involve the employees by asking them to submit a self-review of themselves. This gives employees a sense of control, and an opportunity to be heard by the management under consideration (Fried and James, 2002). A self review will give the employee an opportunity to remind the management of some of their important contributions. The manager will also collect data/ information from other stakeholders of the business organization. This includes customers who might be asked to review the performances of an employee under consideration. Other methods of data collection include observing the performance of the employee by the organization, for purposes of recording their strengths and weaknesses. There are four main types of rating errors. This includes (Fried and James, 2002); Halo effect Halo effect involves the influence of an individual’s character based on the overall impression of the individual under consideration. Personal bias This involves rating an individual based on whether the supervisor likes him or not. Contrast effect. Contrast effects in volve making a comparison between the employees work performance, as opposed to the established standard set by the organization. Distributional errors. This involves generalized ratings, such as good, below average, excellent, without basing the rating criteria on an accurate data or knowledge.

The Information Technology Act

The Information Technology Act When Internet was developed, there was hardly any inclination that Internet could transform itself into an all pervading revolution which could be misused for criminal activities and which required regulation. Today, there are many disturbing things happening in cyberspace. Due to the anonymous nature of the Internet, it is possible to engage into a variety of criminal activities in cyberspace. All existing laws had to be amended to suit the latest developments. Since other laws cannot handle cyber legislations completely, the need was felt to introduce cyber law as a separate discipline. Reasonable Security Measures must be adopted while handling, storing, processing Sensitive Personal Information and Data. This paper examines the various aspects of Cyber Legal System. Keywords- Cyber Crimes, Cyber Crime Investigation, Cyber Forensics, Cyber Space, Cyber Law, Data Protection, Digital Signatures, E-Contracts, Intellectual property rights, IT Act INTRODUCTION The growth of Information Technology has given rise to a new society named Cyber Society. Computers and allied technology is used as a basic tool in Communication, Storage, and Control. Cyber Society includes Cyber Space which is no different from physical space in real society. Information and Communications Technology popularly known as ICT is considered as an integration of computers, software, storage, visual systems, telecommunications that enables a user to access, store, transmit and handle information. To maintain harmony and co-existence in Cyber Space, a need was felt for a legal regime which we call as Cyber Law. In simple words, Cyber Law is the law governing and regulating cyber space. Cyber Laws impact every aspect of Cyber Society be it Education, Entertainment, Business etc and are considered as basic laws of Cyber Space. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT Indian Cyber Law comprises mainly of Information Technology Act. The Information Technology Act was enacted in the year 2000 and came into force since then. IT Act 2000 is not a penal statute. The Act is intended to promote e-governance of which an essential part is e-commerce. All cyber crimes do not come under the ambit of IT Act; many crimes are covered under IPC. The objective of IT Act 2000 is to provide legal recognition to electronic records and transactions carried out by way of electronic data interchange. CYBER CRIMES Cyber Crimes require no special introduction. In this information technology era, computers and technology are used in every phase be it Business, Education, Governance, Communication, Booking of Rail, Air, Cinema Tickets to name a few. Crimes committed in the Cyber World are Cyber Crimes. In general, cyber crimes can be explained as crimes committed by using a computer either as a tool or a target or sometimes both. There are a variety of Cyber Crimes including Unauthorized Access, Tampering Computer Source Code, Electronic Documents, Forgery, Virus, Trojans, Online Defamation, Cyber Trespass, Stalking, Email Harassments, and Lottery Scams etc. New types of crimes are evolving day by day. Information Technology Act 2000 discusses certain types of Cyber Offences and provides Civil and Criminal Remedies thereon. The punishment is also provided under Information Technology Act 2000, Indian Penal Code, Criminal Law, and Banking Law etc. Therefore, any crime committed on the Cyber Space or by use of Cyber tools is punishable under Indian Law. These Laws are also applicable for persons residing outside India provided any computer, computer network, computer resource in India is used to commit a crime. E-CONTRACTS DIGITAL SIGNATURES A contract is considered as a key element in business. All agreements enforceable in a court of law only are called contracts. The ICT has given a new medium to transact business which is the electronic medium. A new form of business called e-business has become popular today which led to a revolution in commerce by way of e-commerce. With the rise in e-commerce, e-business, the business essentials also turned electronic. This has bought in a revived approach to paper based contracts by introducing e-contracts or online contracts. Information Technology Act has provided legal recognition to all e-contracts. The Act has advanced a unique form of authentication by way of e-authentication which includes digital and electronic signatures. An Electronic document to be legally valid has to be affixed with digital/ electronic signature. The digital signature is needed to use a PKI (public key infrastructure) authentication mechanism. Digital Signature forms an important component of E-contracts and a standard one way hash algorithm is adopted for checking the data integrity. In simple words, there is a public key which in the public domain and there is a private key which is known only to the private user, only if both the keys correspond the document is validated. The Government has licensing authorities called CAs (Certifying Authorities) who would be responsible for issuing a standard key generation systems to the public. A digital certificate would be issued based on application and certain approved procedures. At present there are four agencies established for this purpose including NIC, IDRBT and two private agencies like TCS, Safe Scrypt. IT Act 2000 has also provided a clarification as to determining the time and place of an electronic document when it is transmitted from one place to other. Any electronic document including a webpage, e-mail or any computer generated document can be held against the originator for legal purpose under the ambit of this law. Any automatic system which is either a hardware or software like programs, servers, routers can be considered as an Agent of the owner and any action taken by such a system may be legally held to be an action taken by the owner himself. DIGITAL RIGHTS Freedom of Speech and Right to Privacy are considered as certain rights which all the Citizens enjoy in the nation. Correspondingly, these rights also exist in the digital world. Just as freedom of speech is guaranteed by the Constitution of India, the same also extends to Online Speech or Cyber Speech that might include expression on a website, rights of regulators to restrict the freedom in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of the country, maintaining friendly relations with its neighbors as well as to retain harmony and peace in the society. The Information Technology Act provides that the Controller of Certifying Authorities can order decryption of any information and failing to co-operate with the concerned authority could lead to imprisonment. In addition, under POTA (Prevention of Terrorism Act), the appropriate authorities can intercept communication including emails under approved procedures without the knowledge of the user of the email. Likewise, an investigating Police officer has certain rights to not only intercept and monitor communication but also provide requisition support of the Network administrator for the purpose under Criminal Law read along with Information Technology Act. Right to privacy is a personal right that is guaranteed by the Constitution of India. In the world, whenever a person visits a website or sends out an e-mail his digital identities are being recorded by several systems. Additionally, users share their personal information for varied reasons to different websites. This information is covered under the privacy rights of a user. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY There exists digital property in cyber world as like the real property in real world. The digital property is also known as Intellectual Property. It is an intangible asset and a vital element in the e-business. It comprises of Copyright, Patent, Trade Mark, Trade Secret, Domain Name, Semi Conductors and Industrial Layouts, Designs. Domain Name is a crucial digital property which a website owner possesses. There is a contractual arrangement between the Domain Name Registrant and Domain Name Registrar. Domain Name registrars are those who are authorized for the purpose by ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) and the law regarding domain names is governed indirectly by the policies of the ICANN. Laws relating to domain names is associated and linked closely to Trade Mark Law. Generally, the person holding a trademark right can claim priority to possess a corresponding domain name. Content is another cyber property that needs to be considered. Content either within a file or on a website confers a copyright to the original author. The holder of copyright can assign or license the copyright for a price or allow it to be freely used by the public. Infringement, Punishments, Remedies are provided under the Copyright Law. Copyright in cyber world has some grey areas mainly due to a strict definition of Copyright law as applicable to the Meta Society would make Caching, Proxy Server Setting, Meta Tags setting, Caching by a search engine, Hyper linking, Framing, File Sharing etc as possible copyright infringements. Another area where digital property can be recognized is patents on Software and Web Utilities. These are encompassed under the Patent laws. A patent holder can enforce payment of licensing fee or damages if a Patent system is used by another person without specific authorization. Patents in the cyber world are facing a dilemma especially in regard to aspects of technology that are needed to keep the Internet going like Framing, Hyper Linking etc since they are claimed as patented products by the patent holders. DIGITAL EVIDENCE Evidence is the element which probablises a case in a court of law. The evidence in digital form is called Digital Evidence. This digital evidence may be found in computer hard disks, cell phones, iPods, pen drives, digital cameras, CDs, DVDs, floppies, computer networks, the Internet etc. In Civil Law, evidence is analyzed on the principle of PREPONDERANCE OF PROBABILITY. In Criminal Law, evidence is analyzed on the principle of BEYOND RESONABLE DOUBT. Digital Evidence is relatively difficult to destroy. Even if it is deleted, digital evidence can be recovered. When criminals attempt to destroy digital evidence, copies can remain in places they were not aware of. The Present Legal Scenario mandates two sets of quantum of evidence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ STRINGENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ RELAXED FACTORS OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IDENTIFICATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PROCUREMENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PRESERVATION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ANALYSIS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ PRESENTATION IN A COURT OF LAW If it can be proved that the chain is not compromised and from the time the sample is taken a standard protocol was followed,the defence tries to demonstrate that there was a possibility of compromise in the chain and proves that he is entitled for a benefit of doubt.(NDPS ACT ,FOOD ADULTERATION). The basic philosophy of understanding or accepting evidence is to know its authenticity. A document should be demonstrated or proved that it is the same document what is purports to be. The forensic skills, technology may be used to prove or demonstrate before a court of law. Section 65 B of the Indian Evidence Act 1872- a certificate similar to Section 3, 4 of Bankers Book Evidence Act. LOGIC BEHIND THE LAW In a secure environment, if persons are to transact there should be a trusted authority. The authority would supervise things to check the integrity, attributions and to prevent non- repudiation. If all these characteristics are given to any environment, the legal system of any country would accept it as legally admissible evidence. TRUSTED AUTHORITY The certificate issued by a trusted authority there is a general tendency to believe it to be true. There are many cases of manipulation of these certificates, but still such systems are not scrapped off. Eg: Voter ID, Passport There cannot be a 100% fool proof system. If it can be demonstrated before a court of law that the new technology is reasonably reliable which would indicate that if manipulated can be found out, then it is accepted by the court. The trusted authority is the certifying authority. It certifies the digital signature. There is an attribution or a presumption a corresponding amendment in the Evidence Act all these together make a presumption. All presumptions are rebuttable. The presumption shifts the onus or burden to the other party to prove the compromise. It applies to civil and criminal law. It is the passport office of the digital world. CYBER CRIME INVESTIGATION It is the Collection, Analysis, investigation of digital evidence, cyber trails. The various techniques of cyber crime investigation include forensic analysis of digital information -using forensic tools, use of sound forensic procedure to identify and detect evidence, examination of evidence, observation of proper custody of evidence, control procedures, documentation of procedures, findings to ensure admissibility in a court of law, preparation of comprehensive written notes, reports. INCIDENT RESPONSE It is considered as a pre-cursor to techniques of cyber crime investigation, forensic tools. Incident Response may be referred to as precise set of actions to handle any security incident in a responsible, meaningful and timely manner. The goals of incident response include confirming whether an event has occurred, educating senior management, helping in detection or prevention of such incidents, minimizing disruption, facilitating criminal action against perpetrators. Various steps of incident response are detection of incidents, initial response, investigation of event, reporting, resolution, pre-incident preparation. CYBER FORENSICS It is considered as the use of investigative, analytical techniques to identify, collect, examine, preserve and present evidence or information which is magnetically stored or encoded. Cyber Forensics can be also defined as the scientific method of examining, analyzing data from computer storage media so that data can be used as evidence in court The goal of computer forensics is to perform a structured investigation while maintaining a documented chain of evidence to find out exactly what happened on a computer and who was responsible for it. Computer evidence is just like any other evidence in the sense that it must be authentic, accurate, complete, convincing to Juries, in conformity with common law and legislative rules. EXAMINER OF ELECTRONIC RECORDS Section 79 A of IT Amended Act 2008 empowers the Central government to appoint any department or agency of Central or State government as Examiner of Electronic Evidence. This agency will play a crucial role in providing expert opinion on electronic form of evidence The explanation to the Section has an inclusive definition of electronic form evidence that means any information of probative value that is either stored or transmitted in electronic form and includes computer evidence, digital audio, digital video, cell phones, digital fax machines. With the increasing number of cybercrime cases it will become necessary to set up at least one Examiner of Electronic Evidence in each State. The CDAC cyber forensics lab in Trivandrum, CFSIL laboratory in Hyderabad are playing similar role at present in cybercrime. COMPUTER- LEGAL DEFINITION COMPUTER is defined under Section 2(1)(i) of the IT Act as:- Computer means any electronic magnetic, optical or other high-speed data processing device or system which performs logical, arithmetic, and memory functions by manipulations of electronic, magnetic or optical impulses, and includes all input, output, processing, storage, computer software, or communication facilities which are connected or related to the computer in a computer system or computer network;[1] ANALYSIS OF DEFINTION The term computer has been defined in a very wide sense. Considering the definition, devices like microwave ovens, washing machines, scanners, printers, desktops, personal computers, mobile phones etc are considered as a computer under Information Technology Act. COMMUNICATION DEVICE Similarly the word communication devices inserted in the Information Technology Amended Act 2008 has been given an inclusive definition, taking into its coverage cell phones, personal digital assistance or such other devices used to transmit any text, video etc like what was later being marketed as iPad or other similar devices on Wi-Fi and cellular models. CYBER SECURITY There is a need to create a secure environment in cyber space and also prevent unauthorized access and misuse of computer system. In simple words, the security of the cyber space can be called cyber security. Cyber security is critical due to the dangers that threats in cyber world. It requires a global co-operation and effort from all stake holders. DEFINITION The term Cyber Security is for the first time given a legal definition under Indian Cyber Law. Cyber Security has been newly added in the IT Amended Act 2008, under Section 2 (nb) which is as under- Cyber Security means protecting information, equipment, devices, computer, computer resource, communication device and information stored therein from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction. [2] ANALYSIS OF DEFINTION The said definition provides security in terms of both, physical security to the devices and security to the information stored therein such devices. The above definition also provides protection for unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification and destruction to both physical device and the information stored therein. All communication devices like phones, smart phones and other devices used to communicate audio, video, image, text is covered under the ambit of the definition. DATA PROTECTION LEGAL REGIME Processing of data raises considerable issues on privacy, e-security, misuse of individual information and data. Personal data like credit cards, debit cards etc are normally routed via many countries. The Government of India recently notified the Reasonable security practices and procedures and sensitive personal data or Information Rules, 2011 (Rules) under Section 43A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (ITA). These Rules have been made effective from April 11, 2011. Section 43A of the ITA inter alia deals with protection of data in electronic medium1 by providing that when an body corporate is negligent in implementing and maintaining reasonable security practices and procedures in relation to any sensitive personal data or information which it possesses, deals or handles in a computer resource which it owns, controls or operates and such negligence causes wrongful loss or wrongful gain to any person, such entity shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation to the person so affected. Section 43A applies to data or information in a computer resource. The Rules define Personal Information and Sensitive personal data or information to mean as follows: Personal Information means any information that relates to a natural person, which, either directly or indirectly, in combination with other information available or likely to be available with a body corporate, is capable of identifying such person Sensitive personal data or information means such personal information which consists of information relating to;- (i) Password; (ii)Financial information such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment instrument details; (iii) Physical, physiological and mental health condition; (iv) Sexual orientation; (v) Medical records and history; (vi) Biometric information; (vii) Any detail relating to the above clauses as provided to body corporate for providing service; and (viii) Any of the information received under above clauses by body corporate for processing, stored or processed under lawful contract or otherwise.[3] EXCEPTION TO SENSITIVE PERSONAL DATA OR INFORMATION Any information that is freely available or accessible in public domain or furnished under the Right to Information Act, 2005 or any other law for the time being in force is not to be regarded as sensitive personal data or information. ANALYSIS Definition of personal information is wider than sensitive personal data or information (SPDI). The definition of SPDI is in the nature of an exhaustive list of items. Hence, no other information apart from the one listed above, would be considered as SPDI. It is interesting to note that Section 43A only included SPDI within its ambit, but some of its provisions of the Rules have been made applicable to Personal Information. It is appropriate to note that these Rules apply to personal information irrespective of the nationality of the provider of the information; thus information provided not only by Indian nationals but also by nationals in different jurisdictions, whose information is stored, dealt or handled by a corporate entity in a computer resource in India would attract the provisions of the ITA. The applicability is driven by the location of computer resource in India, as can be seen from the wording of Section 43A of the ITA read with the Rules. Rules will also be applicable in cases where the information is collected in India and is transferred to any computer resource outside India and also in cases where the information is neither collected nor stored in India, but is dealt with or handled in India E.g. even accessed from India. Thus, typical outsourcing businesses where personal information of foreign nationals is transferred to Indian entity (ies) who deal or handle such information would henceforth attract the provisions of the IT Act. DATA PRIVACY RULES SECURITY MEASURES The Data Privacy Rules require that the body corporate and the Data Processor implement reasonable security practices and standards; have a comprehensively documented information security program, and security policies. These must contain managerial, technical, operational and physical security control measures that are commensurate with the information assets being protected and with the nature of business. The International Standard IS/ISO/IEC 27001 on Information Technology Security Techniques Information Security Management System Requirements is recognized as an approved security practices standard that the body corporate or the Data Processor could implement to comply with security measures under the Data Privacy Rules. Any other security standard approved by the Central Government may also be adopted by the body corporate or the Data Processor in compliance with the security measures under the Data Privacy Rules. The security standards adopted by the body corporate and the Data Processor should be audited by an auditor approved by the Central Government. The audit must be carried out at least once every year, or at such times as the body corporate or the Data Processor undertakes a significant upgrade of its process or computer resource. If there is an information security breach, the body corporate or the Data Processor will be required, upon request from a governmental agency, to demonstrate that it has implemented the security control measures as per its documented information security program and information security policies. A corporation is required to designate a Grievance Officer to address the grievances of the Provider. The name and contact details of the Grievance Officer must be published on the website of the body corporate. The Grievance Officer must address the grievances within 1 month from the date of receipt of grievance. JURISDICTION Since the cyber world is a boundary less world, there are lots of issues regarding Jurisdiction, which laws would apply. Material may be lawful at one place, but unlawful somewhere else for instance the places from where is it accessed. The Yahoo Case is a classic example. ILLUSTRATION Consider a scenario, where a person A is employed as a computer programmer by a bank in Country X. The programmer managed to instruct a computer to transfer money to his account in Country Y. A case was registered against the programmer in Country X. On Appeal, the Court in Country X had no jurisdiction over matters from Country Y. Though S.75 of IT Act provides for extra-territorial operations of this law, but these should be enforced with orders and warrants of external authorities and demands a highest level of inter-agency cooperation. ADJUDICATING AUTHORITY ADJUDICATING OFFICER Up to Rs.5 Crores IT SECRETARY OF THE STATE. CYBER APPELLATE TRIBUNAL appellate jurisdiction. SUB COURT or CITY CIVIL COURT. CYBER CRIME PROSECUTION Section 67 C to play a significant role in cyber crime prosecution- Section 67 C brings a very significant change in the IT Act, 2000. According to this section, intermediaries shall be bound to preserve and retain such information as may be prescribed by the Central government and for such duration and format as it may prescribe. Any intermediary that contravenes this provision intentionally or knowingly shall be liable on conviction for imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 yrs or fine not exceeding one lakh or both. Many cybercrime cases cannot be solved due to lack of evidence and in many cases this is due to the fact that ISP failed to preserve the record pertaining to relevant time . This provision is very helpful in collection of evidence that can prove indispensable in cybercrime cases POSSIBLE RELIEFS TO A CYBERCRIME VICTIM- STRATEGY ADOPTION A victim of cybercrime needs to immediately report the matter to his local police station and to the nearest cybercrime cell Depending on the nature of crime there may be civil and criminal remedies. In civil remedies, injunction and restraint orders may be sought, together with damages, delivery up of infringing matter and/or account for profits. In criminal remedies, a cybercrime case will be registered by police if the offence is cognizable and if the same is non cognizable, a complaint should be filed with metropolitan magistrate For certain offences, both civil and criminal remedies may be available to the victim CONCLUSION The word cyber crime is not mentioned in the IT ACT for the reason that not to scare away the potential users and keeping in mind the basic philosophy of reducing the digital divide(computer literate or not ) . Reasonable measures should be adopted. The IT Act is an articulation of all existing laws with e added to most of the provisions. The dark or grey areas should not alone be highlighted. We can therefore conclude that cyber law knowledge is the need of the hour for the persons working with computers, computer systems, computer networks, computer resources and information communication technology since these laws cover the legal aspects of the information technology and ignorance of law is no excuse in the eyes of law.

Benjamin Franklin: Man Of Manytalents

To say that Benjamin Franklin was a jack-of-all-trades is an understatement. Franklin, a notable polymath, excelled in politics, diplomacy, writing, printing, math and science. His inventions, both physical and social, subsist in modern societies worldwide. But Franklin influenced no country more than the land he fathered, the United Sates of America. His signature is on our Declaration of Independence, but Franklin’s influence does not stop there. His signature is also on the lightning rod, glass harmonica and bifocal glasses.His signature graces the abolition movement, republicanism and the Franklin Institute of Boston. Franklin’s contributions to the advancement of the United States of America were diverse and long-standing. Verification lies in Franklin’s involvement with the American Revolution and abolitionism, as well as his lasting legacy in American society. To understand a person and his contributions, it is important to know the man behind the ideas. B enjamin Franklin was born in 1706 to Puritan parents Josiah Franklin and Abiah Folger. Benjamin was one of Josiah’s seventeen children, ten of which were born of Abiah Folger.From a young age, Puritan values were instilled in Benjamin’s daily life. Hard work and equality are two such values that followed Franklin through his professional career. At twenty years of age, according to his autobiography, Benjamin penned a list of thirteen virtues by which he should conduct his life. The list includes common Puritan values, such as humility, moderation and chastity. Franklin also added a few of his own principles, including resolution, order and justice. â€Å"These names of virtues, with their precepts were: 1. Temperance: Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2. Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. 3. Order: Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time. 4. Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. 5. Frugality: Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, i. e. , waste nothing. 6. Industry: Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. 7. Sincerity: Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. 8.Justice: Wrong none by doing injuries or omitting the benefits that are your duty. 9: Moderation: Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve. 10. Cleanliness: Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation. 11. Tranquility: Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. 12. Chastity: Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation. 13. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates. † This diverse list would prove invaluable throughout Franklin’s career.Be it his diplomacy during the American Revolution, the abolition movement after the war, or his lasting contributions to American society, Franklin rarely saw a dichotomy between personal beliefs and public persona. Our first glimpse into the mind and times of Franklin came via his 1733 publication of Poor Richard’s Almanack. Under the pseudonym Richard Saunders or â€Å"Poor Richard,† Franklin composed an abstract almanac. The publication included conventional information such as calendar, weather astronomical and astrological information.It was abstract, however, in that Poor Richard’s Almanack contained proverbs composed personally by Benjamin Franklin. The same pages that included temperature fluctuation and moon cycles also housed some of the most recognizable maxims of modern history. â€Å"Fish and visitors stink in three days,† warned Franklin in Poor Richard’s Almanack. Some sayings have changed slightly over time. For example, we know â€Å"a penny saved is twopence dear† as â€Å"a penny saved is a penny earned,† but both hold true in modern society. The mere compilation of information and statistics was commendable in Franklin’s time.Poor Richard’s Almanack was notably accurate and popular among American citizens. The annual publication ran without interruption from 1733 through 1758. Franklin sold roughly 10,000 copies of Poor Richard’s Almanack per year, an amount comparable to nearly three million copies by today’s standards. Franklin was not content publishing a traditional almanac. In 1750, Franklin reported what would prove to be our country’s first unofficial demographic. Franklin continually redefined and remolded Poor Richard’s Almanack throughout its tenure.However, it would be Franklin’s proverbs of Puritan virtues that proved most noteworthy of Poor Richard’s Almanack subject matter. Nowhere are Franklin’s virtues more apparent than in his supp ort in the abolition of slavery. It was not until after that American Revolution that Franklin declared himself an abolitionist. However, it goes without saying that Franklin’s Puritan morality had been leading him there for some time. It is also interesting to note that Franklin’s maternal grandmother, Mary Morrill, was an indentured servant prior to marriage.It could be said that abolitionism ran through Franklin’s veins. Franklin’s first public exposure to slavery and abolition came during the American Revolution via a British court ruling by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield. Mansfield presided over the case of James Somerset, a British-owned slave who ran away from his master. After much deliberation, Mansfield ruled in favor of the runaway slave. Mansfield determined that since slavery had never existed as an institution under British law, Somerset was free. This marked the beginning of the end of slavery in England.While abolition was a giant step for h uman rights in England, Franklin and the other colonists viewed the ban on slavery as contempt toward America. The end result was an increase in revolts among American-owned slaves. Franklin finally stepped in after the British downplayed America’s call for human rights. The British labeled the Americans hypocritical for preaching human rights while many of their leaders still owned slaves. Franklin responded publicly by mocking England’s so-called attempt toward abolition.Franklin pointed out that freeing one slave, yet still permitted the Slave Trade is also hypocritical. After the war, Franklin led by example, freeing both of his slaves. In 1787, Franklin accepted the presidency of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. As outspoken as he was on the issue of slavery, Franklin understood the dangers of premature abolition. â€Å"‘Slavery is such as atrocious debasement of human nature that its very extirpation, if not performed with solicitous care, may sometimes open a source of serious evils,’ Franklin wrote in a November 1789 address to the public from the society.† Franklin still fought for the abolition of slavery. He also took special precaution by establishing a twenty-four-person committee divided into the following subcommittees: â€Å"Committee of Inspection, who shall superintend the morals, general conduct, and ordinary situation of the free Negroes, and afford them advice an instruction. Committee of Guardians, who shall place out children and young people with suitable persons, that they may (during a moderate time of apprenticeship or servitude) learn some trade or other business.Committee of Education, who shall superintend the school instruction of the children and youth of the free blacks. They may either influence them to attend regularly the schools already established in this city, or form others with this view. Committee of Employ, who shad endeavor to procure constant employment for those free Negroes wh o are able to work; as the want of this would occasion poverty, idleness, and many vicious habits. † Franklin’s petitions for abolition were strongly denounced, especially in the South.Still, Franklin dedicated the latter part of his life to anti-slavery lobbying in the form of essays and actions. Franklin is best known for his involvement in the American Revolution and subsequent drafting of the Declaration of Independence. Ironically, it was Franklin, a plain-clothes politician who never stepped foot on the battleground, that made as lasting an impression as any on the American Revolution. â€Å"Franklin had been instrumental in shaping the three great documents of the war: the Declaration of Independence, the alliance with France, and the treaty with England.† Franklin used the pen instead of the sword to fight for his country. Franklin was unanimously chosen as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, which was to meet amidst the battles of the American Revolution. Franklin would prove quite useful in the Continental Congress. â€Å"In the Congress, Benjamin Franklin accepted every duty thrust upon him. After all, he had more experience, more intimate knowledge of British intentions and wiles, more accumulated wisdom than most of the other delegates. † Ironically, Franklin never made a Congressional speech.He left that to the orators. Instead, Franklin stuck to his strong points of organizing, writing and committee regulation. At the time, he was a silent leader in Congress. But history writes him in a different, more honorable light. Today, Franklin is perhaps best known for his patriotism and dedication to the advancement of his homeland during the American Revolution. Temperance was a virtue that made Franklin’s list of Puritan ideals to live by. He practiced temperance, along with humility, chastity and the other virtues in his personal and professional life.Franklin was diligent in his beliefs, but fortunately f or his fellow patriots and the future of our country, Franklin knew when to shift hears. In his autobiography, Franklin published the following letter written to his British companion, William Strahan, on July 5, 1755: â€Å"Mr. Strahan, You are a member of Parliament, and one of that majority which has doomed my country to destruction. You have begun to burn our towns, and murder our people. Look upon your hands! They are stained with the blood of your relations!You and I were long friends: You are now my enemy, and I am, Yours, B Franklin† It should be noted that Franklin never sent the letter to his companion, William Strahan. The letter was, however, used to rile up his fellow American patriots during the early part of the American Revolution. The war had begun; the war to end all wars, according to Franklin’s beliefs. The British had become domineering and inhumane toward Americans. It was time, according to Franklin, to stand our country’s ground.â€Å"It was a true old saying that make yourself sheep and the wolves will eat you: to which I may add another, God help them that help themselves. † Friendship and pacifism were put on hold starting April 19, 175 at Lexington and Concord, the first battle of the American Revolution. The battles would not cease until July 4, 1776 and the signing of the Declaration of Independence. â€Å"This is the greatest revolution the world has ever seen,† Franklin wrote in his autobiography. Attacks and counterattacks plagued these two countries for over two years.Franklin, his mind leveled upon the cease-fire, understood the severity of such conflict. â€Å"The extreme cruelty with which we were treated extinguish’d every thought of returning to [England], and separated us forever. England thereby lost limbs that will never grow again. We too suffered greatly, but our losses would soon be repair’d by our good government, our industry, and the fertility of our country. â₠¬  In hindsight, we can acknowledge the progress made by both countries in the years following the American Revolution. Nothing stands out as much as liberty and justice for all.The Benjamin Franklin legacy exists worldwide, but it is especially strong in Franklin’s homeland, the United States of America. Many of his inventions, including the lightning rod, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter, are used daily in modern American society. His aphorisms of civic duty and personal virtue are instilled in modern American thought. A positive image of Benjamin Franklin exists in the hearts and minds of most Americans. It is safe to say, however, that Franklin’s most noticeable legacy is his monetary investment in the United States of America.Franklin donated ? 1,000 each to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia. Rather than being put to immediate use, Franklin requested that the funds be invested in a trust to gather interest for 200 years. The trust resulted fr om a parody of Poor Richard’s Almanack written in 1785 by Charles-Joseph Mathon de la Cour called Fortunate Richard. Mocking the spirit of American optimism, the story told of Fortunate Richard’s small donation to the United States of America only to be used after a 500-year investment.Franklin was able to put a positive spin on the parody by accepting the Frenchman’s arrangement in a literal sense. Franklin donated ? 1,000 to his native cities, Boston and Philadelphia, with instructions to invest for 200 years. The trusts grew beyond the million-dollar-mark before the investments came due. The money has predominantly been spent on mortgage loans and scholarships. A portion of Boston’s trust was used to establish a trade school that became the Franklin Institute of Boston. Although Franklin was a man of many talents, he was not a man of many faces.The most noteworthy aspect of Franklin’s life is that he compromised little to none of his values when shifting duties. Be it the transition from personal to political or political to scientific, Franklin carried his Puritan ideals throughout his life and career. It can be seen in his diplomacy during the American Revolution, the abolition movement after the war, and his lasting contributions to American society. Franklin rarely saw a dichotomy between personal beliefs and public persona. Franklin was quoted as saying, â€Å"fear not death; for the sooner we die, the longer shall we be immortal.† Franklin surely was not fearful; not during his tenure as a politician, or an inventor, or a family-man. Americans are fortunate to have been preceded by such a dedicated man. His patriotism and promise shine all the way through to modern society. ? BIBLIOGRAPHY Aldridge, Alfred Owen. Benjamin Franklin: Philosopher and Man. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1965. Ben Franklin Institute of Technology. http://www. bfit. edu. Gaustad, Edwin. Benjamin Franklin. Oxford: Oxford Unive rsity Press, 2006. Independence Hall Association of Philadelphia.http://www. ushistory. org. Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003. Jennings, Francis. Benjamin Franklin: Politician. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1996. Medicolegal. http://medicolegal. tripod. com. New York Times. http://query. nytimes. com. Skousen, Mark. The Completed Autobiography by Benjamin Franklin. Washington DC: Regnery Publishing, 2006. Virtual Library. http://www. vlib. us. Wikipedia. http://www. wikipedia. org. Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986.